Apnea is a medical condition characterized by the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep or while awake. This interruption in breathing can last for a few seconds to several minutes and may occur repeatedly throughout the day or night. The most common type of apnea is obstructive sleep apnea, which occurs when the muscles in the throat relax excessively during sleep, causing a blockage in the upper airway. Central sleep apnea, a less common form, results from a failure of the brain to signal the muscles that control breathing. Complex or mixed apnea involves elements of both obstructive and central sleep apnea.
The causes of apnea vary depending on the type. Obstructive sleep apnea is often related to factors such as obesity, enlarged tonsils, a narrow airway, or anatomical abnormalities. Central sleep apnea can be caused by underlying conditions affecting the brainstem or cardiovascular system, such as heart failure or stroke. Risk factors for both types include age, smoking, alcohol use, and certain medical conditions like diabetes or hypertension.
Treatment for apnea typically involves lifestyle changes, medical devices, and sometimes surgery. For obstructive sleep apnea, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is a common and effective treatment, which keeps the airway open by delivering a steady stream of air through a mask worn during sleep. In cases of central sleep apnea, addressing the underlying medical condition and using adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) or bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) may be recommended. Lifestyle changes such as weight loss, avoiding alcohol, and positional therapy can also be beneficial. In severe cases, surgical options may be considered to correct anatomical issues contributing to apnea.
